Rural Financial Intermediation of Ghana

Country Financial Intermediation of Ghana Section ONE Presentation 1.1 Background of the examination The rustic area includes about 80% of Ghanas populace of 18.5 million, with country monetary exercises giving work and wages to an expected 60% of provincial occupants (World Bank, 2001). Simultaneously, about 30 percent of provincial occupants live beneath the neediness line. Be that as it may, budgetary administrations remain fundamentally constrained at present, essentially gave by casual gatherings and provincial banks. After moderately effective macroeconomic and monetary part changes, the nonattendance of solid provincial and miniaturized scale fund organizations have kept on obstructing the accomplishment of fast rustic financial turn of events. Existing provincial money related organizations are regularly network based, with solid socio-social linkages. The country banks specifically are described by expansive based shareholdings by network individuals and contrasted with the bigger business banks, have a higher penchant to serve customers with low resource base, training and additionally security, customers who in any case would have next to zero access to formal money related administrations. Simultaneously, there is a developing system of specific small scale money related establishments that are trying out universal best practice techniques and adjusting them to Ghanaian microfinance setting and circumstances. Given the scattering of provincial banks, the idea of network proprietorship, and rustic customer base, advancement of solid provincial and smaller scale fund organizations would give a sound structure to provincial monetary development that would prompt settled for the easiest option of living for a lion's share of the countrys populace. Since autonomy the Government of Ghana (GoG) has made a few endeavors to elevate country advancement to improve the expectations for everyday comforts of its provincial individuals. The 1992 Constitution has made a strong promise to country advancement as a feature of its national system to improve the day to day environments in rustic regions through decentralization with the foundation of political and authoritative locales and areas. As a component of its neediness decrease technique the Government in 2000 looked for subsidizing from the World Bank under the Rural Financial Services Project (RFSP) to advance development and diminish destitution in Ghana by growing the effort of monetary administrations in rustic regions and fortifying the manageability of the foundations offering those types of assistance. The Rural Financial Services Project Objectives The Rural Financial Services Project (RFSP) tries to advance development and diminish neediness in Ghana by expanding and extending monetary intermediation in rustic territories through the accompanying measures: (I) fortifying operational linkages among casual and semiformal microfinance foundations and the conventional system of provincial and network banks so as to extend administrations to a bigger number of rustic customers; (ii) building limit of the provincial and network banks, the main formal money related middle people working in rustic zones, so as to upgrade their adequacy and the nature of administrations they give; (iii) supporting the foundation of a zenith structure for the country banking framework to give the economies of scale required for these unit provincial banks to deliver conventional imperatives identified with check clearing, specie gracefully, liquidity the executives and preparing, and so forth which have blocked development of the rustic account segment; and (iv) reinforcing the institutional and strategy structure for improved oversight of the country fund part. 1.2 Problem Statement The quest for a framework to handle the money related issues of the rustic tenant began as far back as the 1960s under the Nkrumah system. During that period, the requirement for an authentic rustic money related framework in Ghana to handle the necessities of little scope ranchers, anglers, experts, showcase ladies and brokers and all other miniaturized scale endeavors was felt. The requirement for such a framework was complemented by the way that the greater business banks couldn't oblige the monetary intermediation issue of the provincial poor, as they didn't show any enthusiasm for managing these little scope administrators. Governments endeavor in the past to urge business banks to spread their rustic system and give credit to the horticultural part neglected to accomplish any huge effect. The banks were fairly keen on the account of universal exchange, urban business and industry. There was, along these lines, a hole in the arrangement of institutional fund to the country horticultural segment. The disappointment of the business banks to loan on an obvious scale to the country area had been credited to the absence of appropriate security with respect to ranchers and the high operational expenses related with little savers and borrowers. Another explanation might be the unified structure of the financial set-up, which, in spite of their numerous branches countrywide, is constrained by their Head Offices in Accra, making decentralization incapable. One weakness of this framework was that a brought together foundation can't contend with the nearby private cash loan specialist in neighborhood information a nd adaptability. Progressively significant still, the branch system of numerous banks secured fundamentally the business and semi-urban zones and didn't reach down to the country regions. Subsequently, not exclusively were provincial inhabitants denied access to credit from sorted out foundations, they could likewise not benefit themselves of the chance of shielding their cash and other important property which a bank gives. The acknowledgment the current institutional credit didn't support provincial improvement that prompted the quest for a credit organization without the difficulties/inabilities of the current financial establishments yet having the benefits of the non-institutional credit offices. This establishment was the rustic bank. 1.3 Research Questions The examination looked to respond to the accompanying exploration questions: I. Are there progress cases in the arrangement of rustic money related administrations? ii. What are the difficulties looked by the implementers of the Rural Financial Service Project (RFSP)? iii. What number of the rustic poor have accessed the budgetary administrations from the Rural and Community Banks? iv. What is the effect of the Rural Financial Service Project on the exhibition of the Rural and Community banks and what has been the gainfulness levels and investors store of the country banks? 1.4 Research Objectives The essential goal of the investigation was to find out the degree to which the Rural Financial Service Project had the option to advance development and neediness decrease by reinforcing the limit of those establishments offering monetary types of assistance. Different targets for this investigation are as per the following: I. To recognize the difficulties looked by the RCBs under the RFSP. ii. To survey the effect of the undertaking on the development and execution of the chose RCBs as far as productivity, investors reserves, all out resources and stores. iii. To decide the entrance of country poor to money related administrations. 1.5 Significance of the Study The discoveries of this examination may advise partners: Government authorities, strategy producers, giver organizations, the World Bank and IMF of the significance of improving and reinforcing the operational productivity of the RCBs as a significant delegate in the arrangement of monetary administrations to the provincial zones to help neediness lightening. The proposals, it is trusted, may empower the plan of suitable approaches and projects to additionally build up these establishments with specialized and money related help to lead the job of improving the personal satisfaction of the rustic occupants. Results will add to a superior comprehension of the advancing structure of country money related administrations and give a contribution to the monetary approach made by strategy creators particularly Bank of Ghana. 1.6 Scope of the Study The testing zone of the investigation covers 127 Rural and Community Banks in Ghana out of which five chose Rural and Community Banks in the Eastern, Ashanti and Greater Accra districts under the Rural Financial Service Project were considered as the example size. These RCBs incorporate Bosomtwe Rural Bank, Upper Manya Krobo Rural Bank, Ga Rural Bank, Nwabiagya Rural Bank and Dangme Rural Bank. The investigation took a gander at the money related execution of the Rural and Community Banks in Ghana between the time of 2002 and 2006 and furthermore the effect of the RFSP on the chose RCBs. Effect was estimated by development in Profitability, Total stores, Shareholders assets and access of country poor to budgetary administrations. 1.7 Organization of the Study So as to introduce an orderly and steady exploration, section one presents the foundation of the examination, the difficult proclamation, the examination questions, the destinations, centrality of the investigation, and the extent of the examination. Part two which is the writing survey which will illuminate related examinations and ideas of country money related assistance venture, monetary intermediations in the rustic territories, difficulties of provincial budgetary intermediation and conventional way to deal with provincial fund. Section three arrangements with the philosophy embraced in the assortment information for the examination, depiction of the field instrument, strategy and information investigation. Part four is the introduction of results, understanding and conversation of the outcomes. Section five gives a rundown of the examination, the ends, impediments and proposals of the investigation. Section TWO Writing REVIEW 2.1 Introduction Monetary intermediation is an inescapable component of the entirety of the universes economies. As Franklin Allen (2001) saw in his AFA Presidential Address, there is a far reaching view that money related middle people can be disregarded on the grounds that they have no genuine impacts. They are a cover. They don't influence resource costs or the portion of assets. As proof of this view, Allen called attention to that the thousand years issue of the Journal of Finance contained studies of benefit estimating

Features of Spoken Language free essay sample

In my casual discussion with the handyman, I have utilized a variety of communicated in language highlights, for example, abbreviations, fence words and even ellipsis everlastingly then again, while talking with my dad, I have utilized incognito glory so he comprehends me better. In Dalton I accept that communicated in language is unique in relation to composed language in light of the fact that most composed language Is Intended to be perused by somebody who is isolated from the author in reality. Along these lines to convey effectively, it must be significantly more unequivocal than communicated in language utilized in an eye to eye conversation.Although some composed types, for example, writings and messages are fundamentally the same as communicated in language, when all is said in done composed language is progressively thick n the feeling that greater words are utilized In littler spaces and It likewise utilizes increasingly subordinate statements and has less excess words like kind of, similar to, you know, yes? which are predominantly found in communicated in language. Communicated in language will in general be loaded with reiterations, fragmented sentences, rectifications and interferences, except for formal discourses and so on. Additionally, Writers get no prompt input from their perusers, with the exception of in PC put together communication.Therefore they can't depend with respect to setting to explain things so there is more need to clarify things obviously and unambiguously than In discourse, aside from In composed correspondence between individuals who know each other well. Then again, discourse is typically a powerful cooperation between at least two individuals. Setting and shared information assume a significant job, so it is conceivable to leave a lot of inferred or in a roundabout way suggested. There are numerous elements that influence the manner in which I talk or my idiolect. I imagine that I talk in a marginally Informal manner and utilize a ton of slang jargon in my speech.This may be identified with my family foundation and furthermore in light of the fact that I originate from an under-berated position in the general public where individuals will in general spot a more prominent accentuat ion on conveying the message than concentrating on the introduction. What's more, my experience and way of life additionally influences my idiolect since, I originate from a normal regular workers foundation where, individuals are not officially instructed, so they tend to utilized words that are not confounded in light of the fact that a people discourse for the most part reflects upon their education.My individual encounters likewise influence my idiolect as in I am an extremely energetic individual and love games by heart. This will in general influence my jargon since I utilize a great deal of specialized terms which an uneducated individual probably won't see immediately moreover, I have just been going to class since year 5, this spots me in a troublesome position since I here and there can't discover words that coordinate my feelings since I have not been instructed up to a high standard.My companions additionally Influence my Idiolect since I will in general associate with individuals that have a comparative Intellect and Interests as me. This incredibly influences my jargon since we scapulars is extraordinarily influenced by my inclinations as well, for instance when I read a book; I will attempt to fuse the words into my discourse with the goal that I will have more expansiveness of words and dialect. I have recorded myself chatting with two unique individuals that have various situations in the public arena and are likewise taught to various levels. This significantly influenced the points that we talked about and furthermore influenced the jargon I utilized. In the casual transcript with the handyman we are examining about the substitution of a funnel and a tap, then again the conventional discussion with my promotion was tied in with heading off to a football coordinate. Both of the discussions follow Graces sayings as in the answers are short and have a decent way. In any case, the structure of the discussion is totally different in light of the fact that in one I am increasingly agreeable and open up and in the other, I have to convince my dad so I have to utilize my best jargon so as to be manipulative.Whilst taking a gander at the transcript with the handyman in a casual circumstance, I promptly understand that I tend to talk and give recommendations while the other individual is as yet talking, this is clear in the transcript on the grounds that the subject of conversation was exceptionally everyday and didn't contain anything instructive so I felt that there was nothing for me to adapt so why not present a speedy response and conc ur with what the other individual is stating. This adds accentuation to the point that friends wouldn't fret on the off chance that they are cut in the middle of on account of the familiarity of the situation.It likewise recommends that the two companions share a bond as in they wouldn't fret and will excuse the other individual who has meddled in what they were stating. This may recommend that the individuals who normally utilize such techniques originate from a foundation where this is viewed as worthy though officially taught individuals or individuals with a higher situation in the public eye will ordinarily hang tight for their chance until the other individual has completed the process of talking and follow the component of turn taking which is obvious in the proper transcript since it is viewed as rude to intrude. Individuals generally look downward on an individual who utilizes this strategy on the grounds that the individual accept a higher acumen than the individual they hinder in light of the fact that they dont hang tight for them to complete their sentence, individuals who utilize this quinine may likewise put on a show of being pompous or over-savvy. As the circumstance was casual and loose, we could relate and shape an obligation of sympathy where I don't should be excessively formal or utilize formal highlights, for example, Standard English since we can relate as far as foundation etc.This demonstrates the point that I had the option to effectively control my discourse contingent upon the circumstance and the individual who I am talking with. Notwithstanding having loads of interferences, the casual discussion contains bunches of abbreviations and introductions, for example, l goat eave ASAP and LOL, that is amusing coos my companion goes to Copeland. This recommends the circumstance is rushed and I have utilized this component in my discourse to decrease the time it takes to convey a message.By, utilizing ASAP in my discourse, I had the option to accentuation the quickness of the circumstance and was likewise ready to show attentiveness of the adjustment in language after some time. I have utilized this component since I might want to fit in with the manner in which my companions address keep away from social rejection where nobody comprehends what I am attempting to infer. This element is widely utilized in my and the handymen idiolect for comfort since we might want to convey a more drawn out message in a shorter measure of time without losing the significance of the message.In formal that an individual is too apathetic to even think about finishing their sentence which may be seen as not being sufficiently certain. In any case, it shows that an individual knows and grasps change in the English language, for instance individuals who utilize Received Pronunciation, can be viewed as oblivious or ignorant of the progressions that English has needed to suit comfort.

Educational Psychology and the Learning Process

Educational Psychology and the Learning Process Basics Print Educational Psychology and the Learning Process By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on November 30, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on January 13, 2020 Steve Debenport / E / Getty Images More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming Educational psychology involves the study of how people learn, including topics such as student outcomes, the instructional process, individual differences in learning, gifted learners, and learning disabilities. Psychologists who work in this field are interested in how people learn and retain new information. This branch of psychology involves not just the learning process of early childhood and adolescence but includes the social, emotional, and cognitive processes that are involved in learning throughout the entire lifespan. The field of educational psychology incorporates a number of other disciplines, including developmental psychology, behavioral psychology, and cognitive psychology. 2:07 8 Things to Know About Educational Psychology Topics of Interest Within Educational Psychology In todays complex educational system, educational psychologists work with educators, administrators, teachers, and students to learn more about how to help people learn best. This often involves finding ways to identify students who may need extra help, developing programs aimed at helping students who are struggling and even creating new learning methods. Some of the different topics that educational psychologists are interested in include: Educational Technology: Looking at how different types of technology can help students learnInstructional Design: Designing learning materialsSpecial Education: Helping students who may need specialized instructionCurriculum Development: Creating curriculums can maximize learningOrganizational Learning: Studying how people learn in organizational settingsGifted Learners: Helping students who are identified as gifted learners Significant Figures in Educational Psychology History Throughout history, a number of figures have played an important role in the development of educational psychology. Some of these well-known individuals include: John Locke: An English philosopher who suggested the concept of tabula rasa, or the idea that the mind is essentially a blank slate at birth that knowledge is then developed through experience and learning.William James: An American psychologist who was also known for his series of lectures titled Talks to Teachers on Psychology, which focused on how teachers could help students learn.Alfred Binet: A French psychologist who developed the first intelligence tests.John Dewey: An influential American psychologist and educational reformer who wrote extensively about progressive education and the importance of learning through doing.Jean Piaget: A Swiss psychologist who is best known for his highly influential theory of cognitive development.B.F. Skinner: An American behaviorist who introduced the concept of operational conditioning. His research on reinforcement and punishment continues to play an important role in education today. History of Educational Psychology Educational psychology is a relatively young subfield that has experienced a tremendous amount of growth in recent years. Psychology did not emerge as a separate science until the late 1800s, so earlier interest in educational psychology was largely fueled by educational philosophers. Many regard philosopher Johann Herbart as the father of educational psychology. Herbart believed that a students interest in a topic had a tremendous influence on the learning outcome and believed that teachers should consider this interest along with prior knowledge when deciding which type of instruction is most appropriate. Later, psychologist and philosopher William James made significant contributions to the field. His seminal 1899 text Talks to Teachers on Psychology is considered the first textbook on educational psychology. Around this same period, French psychologist Alfred Binet was developing his famous  IQ tests. The tests were originally designed to help the French government identify children who had developmental delays to create special education programs. In the United States, John Dewey had a significant influence on education. Deweys ideas were progressive, and he believed that schools should focus on students rather than on subjects. He advocated active learning and believed that hands-on experience was an important part of the learning process. More recently, educational psychologist Benjamin Bloom developed an important taxonomy designed to categorize, and describe different educational objectives. The three top-level domains he described were cognitive, affective, and psychomotor learning objectives. Major Perspectives in Educational Psychology As with other areas of psychology, researchers within educational psychology tend to take on different perspectives when considering a problem. The behavioral perspective suggests that all behaviors are learned through conditioning. Psychologists who take this perspective rely firmly on the principles of operant conditioning to explain how learning happens. For example, teachers might give out tokens that can be exchanged for desirable items such as candy and toys to reward good behavior. While such methods can be useful in some cases, the behavioral approach has been criticized for failing to account for such things as attitudes, cognitions, and intrinsic motivations for learning.The developmental perspective focuses on how children acquire new skills and knowledge as they develop. Jean Piagets famous stages of cognitive development are one example of an important developmental theory looking at how children grow intellectually. By understanding how children think at different stages of development, educational psychologists can better understand what children are capable of at each point of their growth. This can help educ ators create instructional methods and materials best aimed at certain age groups.The cognitive perspective has become much more widespread in recent decades, mainly because it accounts for how things such as memories, beliefs, emotions, and motivations contribute to the learning process. Cognitive psychology focuses on understanding how people think, learn, remember, and process information. Educational psychologists who take a cognitive perspective are interested in understanding how kids become motivated to learn, how they remember the things that they learn, and how they solve problems, among other things.The constructivist approach is one of the most recent learning theories that focus on how children actively construct their knowledge of the world. Constructivism tends to account more for the social and cultural influences that impact how children learn. This perspective is heavily influenced by the work of psychologist Lev Vygotsky, who proposed ideas such as the zone of prox imal development and instructional scaffolding. While educational psychology may be a relatively young discipline, it will continue to grow as people become more interested in understanding how people learn. APA Division 15, devoted to the subject of educational psychology, currently lists more than 2,000 members.

How much do you know about Beethoven - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 701 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Ludwig van Beethoven Essay Did you like this example? We all know that Ludwig Van Beethoven was a musical composer but, did you know when he was born? Did you know who his parents were or how they were raised? Do you know how is parents treated him or his siblings? Was Ludwig Van Beethovens parents families poor or were their families wealthy? Do you know about his family life, his siblings? How many sisters did he have? How many brothers did he have? Do you know about his childhood? How did people react to his music, and how do they react today? Do you know how Ludwig Van Beethoven himself affected the music industry we still have today? Well this article will tell you about all of his life. . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How much do you know about Beethoven?" essay for you Create order Ludwig Van Beethoven was born in December of 1770, the date is unknown. Ludwig was born in Bonn, Germany. His nationalities were Prussian, Austrian and German. His mother was Maria Magdalena Keverich and his father was Johann Van Beethoven, they were both German. His mothers family was wealthy do to her father being the chef of the court. His father, Johann Van Beethoven was a German musician, a teacher, and a singer so his father made some pretty good money. Ludwigs family was considered wealthy. Ludwig Van Beethoven never married and he never had children. How did people react to Ludwig Beethovens music? People loved his music, they compared him to Bach and Mozart. His music was known for the length of his music in all genres he did. His innovations were more classical and romantic then anything else. He was a huge roll in the classical music transitioning into romantic music era. People today dont really listen to the classical now of days, people listen to rap and hip-hop, but without people like Beethoven and Bach, the music we have now may not even be here. But, however people still like classical thought and Ludwig Van Beethoven comes up. How has Ludwig Van Beethoven impacted the music industry we have today? Ludwig Van Beethoven is the most responsible for how music is today. He changed the length of his music which ended up being the model for how long others made their music as well. He was also one of the most known when the music era changed from the classical to the romantic, he was one of the most known composers for both genres. Every music composer at least listened to his songs once, and he is a model for them as well. Every music composer has been influenced by his symphonies since they were written. How many siblings did Ludwig Van Beethoven have? Ludwig had seven siblings. He had four brothers and he had three sisters. His three brothers were Kaspar Anton Karl Van Beethoven, Nikolaus Johann Van Beethoven, Johann Peter Anton Leym, and Franz Georg Van Beethoven. His sisters were Maria Margarita Van Beethoven, Anna Maria Francisca Van Beethoven, and Ludwig Maria Van Beethoven. Did Beethoven have children? No, he did not have children himself but he treated his nephew Karl like his son and did a lot of things with him. Ludwig Van Beethoven was a German composer, never got married and never had children, but he was really close with his nephew and treated him like a son. Ludwig Van Beethoven lived a good life, his parents lived a wealthy life and continued it through their family, and his parents werent abusive and very supportive meaning that Ludwig and his siblings lived a pretty good childhood. His father was into music himself and was a reason that Ludwig had an interest in being a music composer. Ludwig Van Beethoven took music more serious and made composing music his life and career. He was also extremely successful in the music industry, he was one of the most famous people from the classical era to the romantic era. Ludwig has also changed the music industry in a great way, he started the trend of making longer songs and he was also a big influence on the change from classical to romantic music. He is still considered one of the best in the music industry and one of the biggest reasons for our music industry we have today.

The Killers Film Analysis - 1697 Words

The 1946 film The Killers is a renowned film noir based off of Ernest Hemingway’s short story of the same title, focusing on the detailed backstory and investigation for the motive of the murder of Pete Lund/Ole Anderson, commonly known and referred to as â€Å"The Swede.† A film noir is a term made originally to describe American mystery and thriller movies produced in the time period from 1944-1954, primarily marked by moods of menace, pessimism, and fatalism. Although the film does not focus on the war itself at all, it still puts forth interesting new ways in how gender relations can be stereotypical as well as divergent proceeding the Second World War. The film begins with two hired assassins, dubbed as â€Å"The Killers,† interrogating†¦show more content†¦Some time later, Sam would catch Kitty wearing stolen jewelry, in which The Swede takes the blame for her, resulting in his imprisonment for three years. This led Reardon to track down a man n amed Charleston, The Swede’s prison cellmate, whom revealed that following his release, The Swede was involved in a massive $250,000 payroll heist at a hat company, a company that Jim’s insurance company just so happens to insure, led by â€Å"Big Jim† Colfax, along with thugs Dum Dum and Blinky, as well as a mysterious woman. Through a telephone call, Lubinsky is notified that Blinky, from the payroll heist, has been shot and is nearly dead at a hospital, in which the duo of investigators go and listen to his last words describing the heist in accurate detail. Before his death, Blinky reveals that the set meeting place for after the heist changed because the previous halfway house had â€Å"burned down.† The Swede, whom was the last to be notified of the halfway house change, accuses Colfax of attempting to pull a fast one, and proceeds to take all of the money for himself while holding everyone at gunpoint. After hearing all of this, Reardon is cert ain that the payroll heist is linked to the murder of The Swede. Reardon then returns to Brentwood to investigate The Swede’s room, only to find Dum Dum rummaging through the room in search of loot from the heist. Through a brief struggle andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Charles Burnett s Film, The Killer Of Sheep, And My Brothers Essay2123 Words   |  9 PagesFilm is, and has been one of the most significant aspects of American culture for over one hundred years. In addition to entertainment value, film plays crucial social role in conveying the struggles, and hardships of various groups. The importance of film is constantly being changed and driven forward by filmmakers. Without influential directors, there would be no driving force making films that entertain and inform about the perspective of different groups of people. 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After the success of the novel, the Hollywood film came out, produced by Jerry Wald. The novel and the movie are very different from each other. â€Å"James M. Cain sent several letters of complaint to producer Jerry Wald, objecting to the changes Wald wanted to make, especially the dramatic idea of making Veda a washout musically and putting her in a tawdry nightclub† (Bennett Notes). The three main differences in the film were, the murder of Monte, Veda not having a successful career

Phenomenology and Healthier Organismic Self Free Essays

string(79) " from unprejudiced assumptions when approaching psychotherapy and counselling\." Exploring the terminology of the word Phenomenology and its etymology, presents me with an overture dating back to a long tradition of philosophical literature. I find it very difficult to try and explain what phenomenology means, because expressing significant ideas of one philosopher, will exclude others, and my choices will contradict the very idea of what phenomenology is beginning to mean for me. Drawing examples from phenomenological theoretical sources, I shall integrate personal experience to support what I understand by the term phenomenology. We will write a custom essay sample on Phenomenology and Healthier Organismic Self or any similar topic only for you Order Now In brief, I am going to start to explain what I understand about the term Phenomenology by giving answers with references from theoretical sources. I shall, in no particular order along this essay, give examples to support the reason why I think phenomenology is important in Counselling and Psychotherapy. Lastly, I intent to discuss my current ability to understand my own, and another person’s worldview with some examples.The term Phenomenology originates from the Greek word phainomenon, meaning appearance, that which shows itself, and, logos meaning science or study. As Hans Cohn puts it, â€Å"the Greek word ‘phenomenon’ is derived from a verb meaning to appear, to come into the light, and ‘logos’, on the other hand, is rooted in a Greek verb meaning ‘to say’. (Cohn, 1997:9-10). To me this suggests, come into light through speech, or enlighten oneself through speech. In simple terms phenomenology is the study of how things appear to be.In order to acknowledge the phenomenon of perception, Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), developed a method from his former teacher’s philosophical intentionality, Franz Brentano (1838-1917) that explains how reality cannot be grasped directly because it is available only through perceptions of reality, which are representations of it in the mind. This is a method that attempts to describe phenomena without prior assumptions, by rejecting prior beliefs or consciousness about things, events and people.His aim was to find a way to transcend subjectivity and understand phenomenon through experience as the source of conscious knowledge (Dermot Moran, 2002:1-22). He intended by this to suspend or bracket events, to go beyond the usual choices of perception to describe the things as they really are. Husserl’s phenomenological method includes concepts of Noema, ‘the object of our attention, or, blocks of mea ning’, Noesis to mean, ‘the experience as it is experienced and the act of consciousness itself, or, process of conferring meaning’, and Bracketing ‘an act of suspending our prejudices and usual interpretations’ (Van Deurzen, 2005: 154).At this stage, these concepts are helping me to frame old acknowledged ‘blocks’ and consciously describe them. It is also helping me to bring to my awareness some of my behaviour patterns, which I was unaware of, or aware in hindsight, but unaware of their reasons. Husserl’s method is ingenious in that it brings to light my ‘perspective dynamics’ (sense of reality, prejudices, family dynamics) and helps me to understand and realise how to locate my blocks. I can now begin to verbalise enigmatic reactions and unveil covert fears, when truth about my character and individual qualities begin to be more approachable and real.I very often have been lost in my own personal history not knowing any other way out of it. ‘This felt like a block in my life loosing touch, feeling alienated within myself and therefore, preventing the self to extend towards other people as fully as I would wish. In my understanding of phenomenology in the above example, my own blocks can prevent me from living in the moment of now. The examples that will follow, there are so many thoughts and emo tions distracting me from the moment of now. Learning to make conscious my personal assumptions in the form of noema, noesis and bracketing, an aspect of phenomenological reduction called Epoche, was to learn how to suspend prejudice, frame a particular behaviour in focus, and examine the way I view things and people. I don’t know if it is possible to translate this process of reduction in all layers of my behaviour. But what I do know, is that this reduction process has taught me to be aware, in a more awake state, of my hidden intentionality and to take responsibility, or better own my thoughts and actions consciously because very often I searched for the blame outside of myself.And the search was not to be found outside, but the understanding of those reactions is to be found deep inside of me. ‘Bracketing is necessary because the phenomenological inquiry is not mere fact-finding, it is the apprehension of intentional acts’ (Van Deurzen, 2005: 154). Husserl’s transcendental Phenomenology hasnâ€⠄¢t particularly been followed by his students and former colleagues such as Martin Heidegger (Spinelli, 1989:2-3). A remark from Paul Ricoeur follows ‘that phenomenology is the story of the deviations from Husserl; â€Å"the history of phenomenology is the history of Husserlian heresies† (Moran, 2002:2). I find that Husserl’s at the time controversial scientific opinions allows phenomenological progression. But his findings are a good basis to question what our true values are, to allow us to investigate our potential to be good therapists. Why is the relationship between Phenomenological philosophy, Existential, Person- centred Counselling and Psychotherapy, important in counselling and psychotherapy? I very soon started to comprehend that phenomenology addresses key questions of human experience and that this attempts to examine the process of subjective human nature, without being indoctrinated by some fixed theory.Philosophers have written a great deal about the nature of the self, and it is useful for psychotherapists to reflect if they are addressing human issues of existence from the right angle or just emphasising one from an infinity of possibilities, or simply if the theory needs progression. One concern that I think relevant to consider is that psychotherapy, partic ularly existential and person-centred counselling, focus on the promotion of the client’s autonomy (Sanders, 2004). Are the theories open enough to offer that autonomy, or are they in its effort to make sense of a state of mind, limiting its variability?In my opinion, it is essential to have an uncluttered mind which is free from unprejudiced assumptions when approaching psychotherapy and counselling. You read "Phenomenology and Healthier Organismic Self" in category "Papers" Existential therapists for example, put more emphasis on the existence, than on the essence through the phenomenological reduction, because they do not wish to suspend existence. Carl Rogers‘s (1902-1987) concept of phenomenology maintains that knowledge of individual perceptions of reality is required for the understanding of the human behaviour, and suggests that we live in accordance with our subjective awareness (Nye, 1992:97).Rogers believed that human beings need the right psychological and environmental conditions to allow the troubled self to change and find a healthier organismic self. ‘Necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change’ (Kirshenbaum Henderson, 1990:219). There are three core conditions out of the six sufficient conditions: Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR), meaning truly accepting the person as they are with no pre-conceived judgements intruding in the process of the relationship between client and counsellor.Empathy, meaning listening carefully, leaves aside my conditions of worth, and, Congruence, meaning genuine authenticity within the counselling relationship (Hough, 1998:103-104). I fou nd a way to process these conditions through phenomenology. I can see the parallel between person-centred and existential psychotherapy, because for example, Rogers’s therapy involves the therapist’s entry into the client’s unique phenomenological world, without attempting to search for unconscious motives, but rather concentrate on immediate conscious experience and expectations (Sanders, 2004:4). These conditions have to be processed within myself first, before I can attempt to offer them to other people. To me, there was an intellectual and emotional understanding of how to integrate Rogers’ core conditions when with other people, but I was missing the link ‘how’ to do it, because the theory felt all very delicate, non-directive and carved for those who were born with those qualities. I wanted it to be part of my daily make up, but I many times regressed to old habits, and felt I was back to square zero.This is the reason why I think phenomenology is important in counselling and psychotherapy. It is a method that allows us to strip down any masks or shadows we have and work on many of our unprocessed conditions of worth, for a healthier organismic experiencing. I have been fortunate to find the path to work on my true self, and something definitely happened in my conscious mind caused by the above learning cues. I can honestly describe with some contentme nt that I am processing my projections successfully with my environmental relationships. The example that follows, describes a significant event that showed me I have brought into light what looked like a projection into my full conscious. Right at the beginning of the academic year, I used to hear one of my colleagues speak, and I used to feel some irritation. I didn’t know the cause. It was only after the third week that I questioned myself the reason why because the symptom persisted. I wrote on my journal: I feel I was quite disrespectful today towards ‘Blue Sky’ when she was speaking in the group experience. (Blue Sky is a pseudonym name.I give all my course group colleagues a pseudonym name to keep their identity protected). I reflected on my interrupting her several times while she was speaking. Interrupting felt intruding because something was not flowing. I like Blue Sky but I have ambivalent feelings towards her. I still don’t know what and why I feel the way I do. She is lovely and warm and welcoming and emotionally intelligent †¦ Today, my tutors introduced philosophy to the group. It is fascinating to be introduced to the question about subjectivity.Our subjective truth is based on our subjective human experience. Is this going to help me to find out about my incognitos? †¦ I don’t want to be lost in my own personal history and yet I do want to know all those parts of me that hurt and why. In learning phenomenology and the wish to get acquainted with those parts of me that remain unclear, provoked some sort of brewing threatening sensation. Nevertheless, over the next few weeks I went through a very painful learning curve. Phenomenology helped me to discover my irritability about Blue Sky.After class, we took the train together and we were talking fluidly, when all of sudden, that cloudy irritable sensation about her struck back again, and I noticed it affected my congruent and empathic responses towards her. She must have felt it because our conversation fell flat. When she left the train, I knew it wasn’t her doing. I knew I was transferring something berried deep in me. I couldn’t write my journal for the rest of the journey as I usually do, and was suspended over that event that just happened.I went back to that feeling that made me feel that way, and I connected the event. I knew somebody 24 years ago that looked like Blue Sky. I was struck by the physical and verbal similarities and even more surprised how the arms and body expressions are so similar. Why didn’t I see that before? She was my then husband’s ex-girl-friend. It was a very painful experience at the time, because she didn’t seem to be able to forget him, and I could see her pain, and with that she was hurting my relationship with my husband by not wanting to give him up. Linking the irritation about Blue Sky with a totally unconnected old event, is proof that unresolved emotional and psychological experiences impedes reciprocal interaction and communication with another person in the present. For this reason, I was so happy to release Blue Sky out of my perception, and see her for what she really is. On that same week another projection towards one of my tutors was resolved, and when I discovered what it was, I experienced that same relieved sensation. I am now able to see my tutor for whom he is showing to be and not for what I was projecting.To me this is a sign that I am learning to identify my introjects, and not just let the natural attitude react as the victim of my conditions of worth. I feel that I am growing towards my potential, in Rogerian terms called actualising tendency, for a healthier organismic self (Mearns Thorne, 1988:11-14). In Gestalt terms this is described as healthy cycle, the drive towards actualisation of the self (Clarkson , 1989:27). Although these projections were resolved, I continued to feel a threatening sensation that there was more to come and I even felt physically sick over a period of two weeks with sleepless symptoms and anxiety.I felt all my toxicities were coming to the surface as a result of this process and told this to the group. All the present negative experiences were mirrored in the way I was articulating myself. The group reacted very strongly when I used the word toxic to describe myself, and said that they didn’t experience me that way. It was with the group process that I realised I was using punitive self-description, such as ‘I am toxic‘, that were introjects from a significant other’s values imposed upon me.I was beginning to believe those descriptions about me, and owning them. My language was showing self-condemnation in front of the group, but in truth I was using the group as a healthy pillar, or in Gestalt (form) terms, healthy cycle, to test my organismic experience of failure, and to examine the accuracy of my introjects (Clarkson, 1989:27). What came to the surface was how I feel vulnerable and unsupported at home. This showed me a dysfunction in the boundary disturbance of my private cycle, and a disclosure of my coping mechanisms.By believing the negative description of my significant other, I’m taking in the other person’s projection. I showed therefore a coping mechanism called confluence, which is a merging sense of self with the projection of the other. Patricia Clarkson explains that Fritz Perls saw these coping mechanisms ‘only as neurotic when used chronically and inappropriately ‘†¦ they are useful and healthy when authentically chosen temporarily†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The other person‘s negative view of me is often things they cannot acknowledge or accept in themselves.There are other three most important psychological coping mechanisms, out of the seven fixed Gestalts called, introjection, meaning to take in values without questioning them; projection, as explained above, and r etroflection meaning inability to externalise emotion, the act of directing a difficult emotion such as anger at oneself rather than at somebody who has provoked the emotion (Clarkson, 1989:42-45). What I have learned from these experiences is how some of my own subjectivities and defences can get in the way of being open to other people. I would be carrying a false-self when offering non-judgemental acceptance, empathic and genuineness towards others, if I haven’t inwardly processed my conditions of worth. This process of dismantling my projections so intensely are absolutely essential in that I am responsible for knowing myself to the fullest of my capacity before I come in serious helping contact with clients. There is a danger of not resolving blocks that can interfere with a therapeutic relationship, in that clients can become the projection of the counsellor.This is why I think phenomenology is important in counselling and psychotherapy, because it helps us to put in practice the process of identifying our troubles and put it aside in order to be able to understand another person’s world view to the fullest of our competency. I do befriending volunteering once a week, and I noticed that my listening skills have improved and that my natural attitude for interpreting is decreasing, leaving room for t he client to find meaning in the description of their feelings.I noticed that the quality of the relationship with some of my clients is deepening in that we are allowing more sensitive layers of hurt to surface. Clients on the search of a healthier organismic self will benefit the most from a therapeutic relationship when the counsellor can facilitate deepest understanding for the client’s perception of their world. This is only possible, if the counsellor has developed skills to discern about what is the client’s concern and what is the counsellor’s projection.A good relationship can only be built as far as a counsellor’s skills facilitate the client to feel the space is theirs to explore in the present. Irvin Yalom puts beautifully, ‘†¦ a therapist helps a patient not by sifting through the past but by being lovingly present with that person; by being trustworthy, interested; and by believing that their joint activity will ultimately be redemptive and healing’ (Yalom, 1989:227).Just as I thought I have learned a substantial amount of phenomenological theory to expand openness in my thinking process, with the aim to prepare me to understand myself, and then another person’s worldview, I read about Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980). I find Sartre’s concept of nothingness, that human beings are essentially emptiness and that we are constantly creating and reinventing ourselves, mind blowing. The human tragedy is that we aspire to being definite and fixed as objects are’; ‘†¦ human paradox: on the one hand we are nothing definite and, because of this, on the other hand we are able to become many different things†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Sartre would call what I described in the above paragraphs about introjects, ‘bad faith’ as an important human strategy. To be in bad faith is to perform role-plays in the here-and-now to cope with situations (van Deurzen, 1997:45- 48).In conclusion, phenomenology has opened gates to infinite possibilities of thinking consciously, supplying me with more space to understand how to be with other people. It is hardly surprising and I can understand why psychotherapy chooses to draw wisdom from phenomenological philosophy, because there seams to be a flux w ith no fix point to allow further exploration of the human distinctive many layered qualities. What is special and significant about this Phenomenological movement is its evolving history in search for truth in perceptions and beyond perceptions.My argument that my ability to understand another person’s world view, lies in my ability to comprehend and integrate all of the above discussed theoretical processes in my behaviour. The vignette ‘Blue Sky’ illustrates my present ability to recognise limits in my character and the willingness to change. I have set myself in an un-compromised path to know myself profoundly for both the benefit of my self-development and ultimately for the benefit of my future clients.I can choose the state of my mind and the emotions attached to it, and that therefore, interactions between me and other people will be of an egalitarian and mutual understanding. The examples I gave about my tutor and voluntary placement with clients, illustrate my endeavour to be fully authentic and transparent in all parts of me, including the understanding of relationship’s phenomenon. I could give other examples of how interactions with other people were successful, but they would have not demonstrated the difficulties and the painful metamorphosis I am going through towards the route of understanding myself, and others. How to cite Phenomenology and Healthier Organismic Self, Papers

The story nature Essay Example For Students

The story nature Essay Over a century ago, in the late 1800s, some scientists were already very interested in separating human nature with the real self. Today, a descendant of a remarkably talented scientist of that time revealed a long kept family secret.  David Utterson is a middle-aged man. He had been working as a bank cashier for twenty-three years. This coincidence made him a lot of benefice.  My father passed away, four months ago. Said Mr. Utterson, He was old, and when he knew that his time was short. He left me a key and a letter. In the letter, he exhorted me to take good care of the key and to make sure I would pass it on to my children, the way it has always been. He also claims in the letter that he doesnt know what secret the key leads to, but there is one thing he is sure of: this secret is so important, the Uttersons family must risk their lives if they have to in order to keep the key in a safe place. We will write a custom essay on The story nature specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As soon as David Utterson got the message, he started to do some very detailed research about this mysterious key. With the initials engraved on the sides and the unique round shape of the teeth on the key, Mr Utterson was led to one of the safest and most ancient banks of the region.  Mr Utterson opened the deposit box with an anxious heart, and with a vague wave of deception, he started to read the two letters he had found in the box. What Mr Utterson didnt know at that time, is that these simple letters would later completely upset the scientific view we have known so far. The two letters were all intended to a certain Utterson. We believe that two hundred years ago, this Utterson was an ancestor of David Utterson the secret revealer. A scientist named Hastie Lanyon wrote the first letter, dated on the 9th of January, 18. It may be hard to believe, but the letter writes about a man changing himself into a certain Dr Jekyll after drinking a potion. Below is a passage in the letter describing the man who appeared one night at Dr Lanyons house:   Twelve Oclock had scarce rung out over London, ere the knocker sounded very gently on the door. I went myself at the summons, and found a small man crouching against the pillars of the portico,   at last, I had a chance of clearly seeing him. I had never set eyes on him before, so much was certain. He was small, as I have said; I was struck besides with the shocking expression of his face, with his remarkable combination of great muscular activity and great appaent debility of constitution, and last but not least- with the odd, subjective disturbance caused by his neighbourhood I have since had reason to believe the cause to lie much deeper in the nature of man, and to turn on some nobler hinge than the principle of hatred  According to the letter, that man with a very odd countenance came to Dr Lanyons house to get some chemicals back. He claims that he really needs them for some reasons that are not mentioned in this first letter, but comes out in the second one. Dr Jekyll himself writes the second letter. At the beginning of the letter, he goes through his own life, talking about his early ambitions, it chanced that the direction of my scientific studies, which led wholly towards the mystic and the transcendental, reacted and shed a strong light on this consciousness of the perennial war among my members. With every day, and from both sides of my intelligence, the moral and the intellectual, I thus drew steadily nearer to that truth by whose partial discovery I have been doomed to such a dreadful shipwreck: that men is not truly one, but truly two .uc8ce39fcfb29980d50a8da1348947f3b , .uc8ce39fcfb29980d50a8da1348947f3b .postImageUrl , .uc8ce39fcfb29980d50a8da1348947f3b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc8ce39fcfb29980d50a8da1348947f3b , .uc8ce39fcfb29980d50a8da1348947f3b:hover , .uc8ce39fcfb29980d50a8da1348947f3b:visited , .uc8ce39fcfb29980d50a8da1348947f3b:active { border:0!important; } .uc8ce39fcfb29980d50a8da1348947f3b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc8ce39fcfb29980d50a8da1348947f3b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc8ce39fcfb29980d50a8da1348947f3b:active , .uc8ce39fcfb29980d50a8da1348947f3b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc8ce39fcfb29980d50a8da1348947f3b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc8ce39fcfb29980d50a8da1348947f3b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc8ce39fcfb29980d50a8da1348947f3b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc8ce39fcfb29980d50a8da1348947f3b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc8ce39fcfb29980d50a8da1348947f3b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc8ce39fcfb29980d50a8da1348947f3b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc8ce39fcfb29980d50a8da1348947f3b .uc8ce39fcfb29980d50a8da1348947f3b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc8ce39fcfb29980d50a8da1348947f3b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ideals of a Victorian man EssayNotice that Dr Jekyll is interested in splitting a human into two. After long years of scientific studies, he actually does manage to separate human nature with the real self. He is changed into a small man with a very evil looking.  Evil besides (which I must still believe to be the lethal side of man) had left on that body an imprint of deformity and decay , is how Dr Jekyll himself describes Mr. Edward Hyde. Specialists later examined the letters and most of its content was proven to be true, a certain Mr. Hyde has existed at that time, he even committed a crime; he killed a landowner in a very cold way, this was published on a newspaper article at that time.  The letter says that Mr. Hyde would emerge every time Dr Jekyll drank the potion, and then Hyde slowly started to possess him. Since this part of the story has not yet been proved, many psychologists say that Dr Jekyll must have became schizophrenia; he exaggerated the story in a way that is unbelievable.