Effect Of Cystic Fibrosis On Epithelial Cells Biology Essay

Effect Of Cystic Fibrosis On Epithelial Cells Biology Essay Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) is a glycoprotein found in the plasma membrane of exocrine organ cells, and is composed of about ~1500 amino acids1,2. Identified as an ion channel, the CFTR is composed of five domains: 2 transmembrane domains, 2 nucleotide-binding domains (NBD) and an R domain1,5. Transmembrane domains have 6 alpha helixes each, and are embedded in the plasma membrane as a transmembrane protein like its name suggests. NBDs are connected to transmembrane domains, and its role is to interact with ATP for opening of the ion channel, along with the R domain1. R domain, a domain that is unique only to the CFTR protein, regulates the ion channel along with NBDs by ATP phosphorylation1. CFTR is found in cells of most exocrine organs, including the lung, liver, pancreas, and the sweat glands1,3,4. In a normal individual, CFTR protein plays a significant role over reabsorption of salt in some tissues such as the sweat glands, while in other tissues (like the intestines), CFTR regulates hydration of the lumen by secreting Cl- ions1. Protein kinase A phosphoylates the NBDs and the R domain, which then activates CFTR. When NBD and the R domains are phosphoylated by ATP, lung cells then are able to secrete Cl- ions via activated CFTR, and water follows Cl- ions outside the cell due to the hypertonicity of the cell1. However, this is not the case for patients suffering from Cystic Fibrosis (CF). Cystic Fibrosis is mostly caused by mutations in the CFTR gene3. F508, a common mutation of the CFTR gene, deletes 3 base pairs from the nucleotide sequence of the CFTR gene3. Although the deletion seems miniscule, this mutation alters the phenotype of the CFTR protein, rendering CFTR protein useless. The CFTR protein is still found in patients with F508 mutation, but the protein loses its function, and does not allow passage of Cl- ions3. Most CF patients with F508 mutation find their condition fatal before the age of 302. In the lung for example, mutated CFTR protein does not allow Cl- ions to escape into the lumen1,4. This creates a build up of Cl- ions and negative charge inside the cell, which increases the intake of positive Na+ ions via Na+ channels into the cell to balance the negative charge. Due to hypotonicity of the cell because of unbalanced ion levels, the cell increases the intake of water from the lumen. This results in dehydration of the lungs and buildup of thick mucus in absence of water1,2,4. The thick mucus layer is harder for cilia on the lung cells to remove, and therefore debris and bacteria from inhalation sticks to the mucus layer. The mucus layer can obstruct the air passages, as well as increase the chance of bacterial lung infection. Although treating CF has become more effective in recent years, there is still no known cure for CF2. Curing CF would mean restoring CFTRà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s function and phenotype in all cells that contain CFTR in their plasma membrane, but this has proven to be a difficult task, because CFTR are found in various types of cells, and its mechanism changes slightly depending on the tissue the protein is embedded in2. A research in gene therapy does not aim to cure CF completely, but rather targets defect CFTR proteins in the lung of the patient by delivering normal CFTR genes to the target tissue, allowing normal CFTR production in epithelial cells of the lung2. Gene therapy research by Genetic Science Learning Center in University of Utah is looking at inserting a CFTR gene into a vector (eg. a virus), and infecting lung cells with modified viruses which will integrate the normal CFTR gene into the gene of the host cell2. The host cells which are integrated with normal CFTR genes will produce functioning CFTR proteins, removing the effects of dehydration and thick mucus in the lungs. Lung cells were chosen because the modified virus can be easily delivered via inhalers2. Theoretically, gene therapy seems promising for curing CF, but researchers have faced many challenges. Human trials for gene therapy were run in 1993, 1995, and 1998, and all trials proved ineffective in treating CF in the lungs2. The first human trial in 1993 used adenovirus as a vector, and delivered full length CFTR gene to lung cells using inhalers2. The results showed that because of the low doses of adenovirus in the treatment, the virus could not enter and infect lung cells easily. When patients were treated with higher doses of genetically modified viruses, an immune response was triggered in most patients, and they fought off the adenovirus2. Similar results were shown in human trials of 1995 and 1998. In conclusion, Cystic Fibrosis is the result of a mutation of the CFTR gene that disrupts the phenotype of the CFTR protein found in the plasma membrane of exocrine organs1-5. Loss of function in CFTR protein does not allow exchange of Cl- ions between the cytoplasm and its environment, which affects Na+ and water concentration of the cell and the lumen. By inserting a normal CFTR gene into cells affected with CF, gene therapy researchers hope to create normally functioning CFTR proteins in the plasma membrane of the cells, but integrating the normal CFTR gene into an affected cell have proven to be a difficult task2. Annotated References 1. Hwang, TC, Nagel, G, Nairn, AC, Gadsby, DC. (1994). Regulation of the gating of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductanceregulator c1 channels by phosphorylation and atp hydrolysis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91(11), 4698-702. The article studies the mechanism behind opening CFTR protein to allow exchange of Cl- ions. It goes to explain the structure of CFTR, as well as the molecules/enzymes involved such as protein kinase A. 2. Genetic Science Learning Center (2010) Choosing a vector for CF gene therapy. University of Utah Learn.Genetics. Retrieved February 15, 2010, from http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/genetherapy/cysticfibrosis/vector.html These case studies explain Cystic Fibrosis disorder in depth, and explain why CF is a good candidate for gene therapy. The study also describes how gene therapy can be used to treat CF. 3. Bobadilla, JL, Macek, M, Fine, JP, Farrell, PM. (2002). Cystic fibrosis: a worldwide analysis of cftr mutationscorrelation with incidence data and application to screening.. Hurn Mutat, 19(6), 575-606. This article looks at mutations that occur frequently on the CFTR gene, and identifies Delta F508 allele as the most common mutated allele. 4. Xu, Y, Szep, S, Lu, Z. (2009). The Antioxidant role of thiocyanate in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis and other inflammation-related diseases. PNAS, 106(48), 20515-20519. The article describes the cells CFTR protein can be found in. The article also briefly describes the consequences of a thick mucus in the lung, and the mechanism of CFTR. 5. Arcellana-Panlilio, M. (2010, February 02). Plasma membrane ii. Retrieved from https://blackboard.ucalgary.ca/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_id=_2_1url=%2fwebapps%2fblackboard%2fexecute%2flauncher%3ftype%3dCourse%26id%3d_73080_1%26url%3d The notes describe the structure of and mechanism of CFTR protein in detail. Notes also describe the importance of tonicity between the cell and its environment.

Folly as the Narrator in Erasmus’s The Praise of Folly

â€Å"The Praise of Folly† Desiderius Erasmus In Erasmus' work â€Å"The Praise of Folly†, the narrator delivers a speech praising Folly with the following: â€Å"And to whom is it generally agreed life owes its beginning if not to me? For it certainly isn't the spear of ? mighty-fathered' Pallas or the shield of ? cloud-gathering' Jupiter which fathers and propagates the human race,†1[2496]. Here the narrator, who is Folly herself, tries to put herself above everyone else, even the Gods on Olympus. She says that she is the beginning of all life, and that she should be the most regarded person, while in reality, this is all a bunch of ‘folly'. She ridicules the Gods and strips them of their powers. She tries to convince the reader that they can never have â€Å"Self-Love† without the presence of her. In Folly's eyes, she proves these items as being virtues and not defects. Folly leads the reader into believing that all foolishness is, in fact, wisdom. While Folly continues her deception, she also criticizes the philosophy of Christian church. She sees the happiness of Christians as a type of folly. Paraphrasing Folly, the philosophy is ‘as long as the mind makes proper use of the organs of the body, it is called sane and healthy. But once it begins to break its bonds and tries to win freedom, men call it insane. ‘ Even so, according to Folly, this type of person shows a knowledge they had never previously learned, and giving clear indication of something divine. Knowledge, power and position don't, and can't, get you true happiness. It is only with a little ‘madness' that a person can truly be free and live an enjoyable life.

The Chronicles of Psychology Internship Essay Samples

The Chronicles of Psychology Internship Essay Samples With our samples, you simply have to edit and fill in the necessary fields, after which you're ready to go. Tolerate what's tolerable and intolerate what's intolerable. Worldwide development consulting is a rather new sphere of offering services. At the exact same time, international development consulting businesses provide their employees with a wide selection of advantages, like studying working and living in foreign businesses, cultural awareness, obtaining of analytical abilities and personal improvement. There are lots of men and women who'd like to go through the benefits of the PADECO Company and on-line accessibility to consulting office will immediately enhance the communication level between the business and its customers. You may choose to get started creating a portfolio of well-written pieces so that you can quickly refer to them when required. The Chronicles of Psychology Internship Essay Samples Completel y free Internship essay samples are offered on FreeEssayHelp with no payment or registration. 8 things you are able to escape an internship. In the majority of instances, internship essays revolve around elaborating reasons that make you a nice candidate for this program. In order to acquire an internship, you might be requested to compose an essay with your application. Provided paper is just for guidance purpose and you have to make your own paper with the support of sample paper. The paper is going to be read and evaluated before it's put in the internship notebooks. Take advantage of these samples to construct your own essay. The primary reason why we might want to enable you to examine a sample high school admission essay is that it's a proven means to jog your memory on what you may have forgotten about the writing of such essays. With FreeEssayHelp you'll find hundreds of Internship essay topics in a matter of many seconds. If you are searching for assistance with your essay then we provide a comprehensive writing service given by fully qualified academics in your area of study. This example demonstrates that even for an engineer with years of experience in the specialty, the essentials of private essay writing remain the exact same. As an issue of fact, you want to set goals in the various aspects of life you have indulged yourself in to be fully disciplined at the identical time successful in taking different ventures. To immigrate from one nation to another is undoubtedly a transition of deep significance and long-lasting emotional effects. Another key to success entails an individual must hav e a professional attitude to be able to fit in the competitive sector. It is essential for individuals to involve themselves in internship programs so as to be in a position of understanding the important element of the job. Top Psychology Internship Essay Samples Secrets Prove yourself that you're worthy of the position and get started believing in your abilities and talent. Instead, talk about the particular skills you would like to learn and how you'll use them in your career. Rather than claiming you're applying to acquire more experience, you ought to go into detail and mention specific set of skills you want to develop during internship. At the conclusion of your internship, you'll have relevant experience to assist you decide whether a career in writing is the proper option for you. The target of internship essay sample is to represent the skilled abilities and abilities a probationer has obtained during their internship at the special organization. My mentor also assigned me to take part in this recruiting procedure. It can enable a student to obtain exposure of the business and put on the knowledge gained in the very first year of MBA to the practical scenarios. Basically, psychologists study people and the reason why they do the things that they do. For somebody who is more interested in a field managing people as a whole and not only the internal functioning of them, developmental psychology may be a potential career option. Your colleagues and managers also play an important part in developing your abilities. All your professors and supervisors provide you different advice. Then you don't need to appear anywhere else because we've got lots of CV samples here on our website you can utilize. This page offers news and data about the AAPI Online servi ce. Its site provides the comprehensive data concerning the application approach. Learn how to use professional-sounding search phrases. The 5-Minute Rule for Psychology Internship Essay Samples If you wish to send a sample of a bigger document, decide on a 2-5 page section and introduce it using a paragraph that puts the selection into the suitable context. It won't be returned to you, so be certain to maintain a copy. To get started writing your assignment you would want to run into an interesting and promising topic. Avoid sending 10-15 page research paper even when you received a great grade. What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Psychology Internship Essay Samples Essay or motivation letter offers you an opportunity to express your urge to work as an intern for particular company, school, or university. Achieve your dream in order to work as an intern in accordance with your desires and find the training that you deserve. Additional acing your internship interview will be easy because you recognize already some things about the business. Think about it as a written interview and utilize it like a chance to convey your passion for the area and individual motivations.

The Black Death, Dulce N. Parra - 1533 Words

The Black Death Dulce N. Parra Period 3 Through the years of 1347 and 1350, a terrible plague took over Europe. In those three years, the plague killed approximately 25 million people or one-third of Europe’s population. Not one family did not lose a family member to the plague. About one hundred people died daily, and mostly of them were never buried in a proper manner. Their bodies scattered the street of the city unclaimed. This plague was the Black Death, the most deadly natural disaster in the history of Europe. The loss of life was tremendous, and the damage was immense. Across Europe, the Black Death appeared and disrupted people daily routine. The Black Death shattered the people of the Middle Ages ways of life. It demolished the economy and as well of traditional beliefs. There was no returning to the ways of Middle Age life that has been for the past five hundred years. The Black Death brought an end to the Middle Ages. On October 1347, twelve Genoese merchants’ ships arrived at the Sicily port of Messina, after returning from a long expedition at the Black Sea. The people, who waited on the shore to welcome the ships, were met with a disturbing bombshell, which would change the lives of the people of Messina and Europe forever. The citizens notice something strange before the ships even docked. Usually, each ship has about a crew of forty men; citizens on the shore could see only few sailors on. When the ships finally stopped at Messina, local